Health Sciences Journal

EFFECTS OF UREA-MOLASSES TREATED WHEAT STRAW FERMENTED WITH RUMEN DIGESTA ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING NILI-RAVI BUFFALOES

Wed, 12 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Objectives: A research investigation was conducted involving a cohort of nine multiparous early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes, employing a randomized complete block design to ensure a systematic approach. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the influen ce of different levels of urea molasses treated wheat straw, which was ensiled with bovine rumen digesta, on various parameters. These parameters included the intake of nutrients, the digestibility of those nutrients, nitrogen balance, overall milk product ion, and the compositional elements of the milk produced by the buffaloes. The findings aimed to provide insights into how dietary interventions might improve the health and productivity of these animals during the early stages of lactation. Methodology: W heat straw was mixed with rumen digesta at an 80:20 dry matter DM ratio. A solution of 4% urea and 4% molasses was applied to this mixture, which was then sealed and allowed to ferment for 21 days. Three iso caloric and iso nitrogenous diets were created w ith varying fermented wheat straw FWS levels: 0%, 50%, and 70% designated as FWS 0, FWS 50, and FWS 70, respectively. The FWS 0 and FWS 50 diets maintained a forage to concentrate ratio of 50:50, while FWS 70 had this ratio changed to 70:30 by substituting 20% of the concentrate with FWS. Each treatment was assigned to three buffaloes, and the experiment lasted for 120 days. Results:
Buffaloes on the FWS 50 diet had significantly greater P<0.05 DM and crude protein CP intake compared to those on the other d iets . In the course of this study, it was observed that individuals adhering to the FWS 70 diet demonstrated a higher intake of both neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) when compared to participants on other dietary regimens. The d ifferences in fiber consumption among the groups were statistically significant, with a p value of less than 0.05. This suggests that the FWS 70 diet is associated with increased fiber intake, highlighting its unique impact on dietary fiber consumption com pared to the other diets evaluated. The highest DM digestibility was noted in the FWS 50 group, with similar findings observed for CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility. Nitrogen balance was also greater P<0.05 for the FWS 50 and FWS 70 groups compared to FWS 0. Milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk, lactose percentage, solids not fat, total solids, and blood urea nitrogen levels showed no significant differences across the diets. The FWS 50 and FWS 70 groups showed significantly higher percentages of milk fat and mil k protein (P<0.05) when compared to the FWS 0 group. Milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk were comparable for buffaloes given FWS 0 and FWS 70 diets. Conclusion: The results indicate that fermenting wheat straw treated with urea and molasses alongside rume n digesta improves nutrient absorption, digestibility, and nitrogen retention, while also boosting the percentages of milk fat and protein. Furthermore, it indicates that buffaloes can achieve similar milk production by substituting up to 20% of concentrat e with FWS.

THE PAKISTAN HEALTHCARE SECTOR AT STAKE: BRAIN DRAIN OF PAKISTAN DOCTORS

Dr. Fareha Khaliq, Waqas Zaigham, Saqib Yaqoob Malik — Wed, 12 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The exodus of Pakistan's medical personnel is a major problem for the country. The nation's already overburdened healthcare system suffers from this brain drain, which results in a lack of qualified professionals and subpar patient care. This exodus is caused by a number of factors, including political instability, a lack of prospects for professional progression, and inadequate compensation. The exodus of highly skilled healthcare workers from Pakist an, sometimes known as "medical brain drain," is a growing concern that jeopardizes the country's healthcare system. As economic disparities, gender biases, and professional hurdles
drive doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals outside, Pakistan h as a serious shortage of medical workers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental causes and implications of medical brain drain, to identify the biases that worsen the problem, and to provide concrete solutions to reduce its impact on Pakistan's healthcare system. This research emphasizes the importance of specific policies aimed at improving healthcare working conditions, reducing gender disparity, and raising investment in medical training and infrastructure. Objectives: The study's objectives are to determine and examine the main factors that lead Pakistani physicians to look for work overseas and to evaluate the resulting effects on the country's healthcare system. Materials and Methods: A variety of methods, including surveys, expe riments, and observational studies, may be used in quantitative research. The study used a quantitative research design and a cross sectional survey approach. Results: A sizable portion of physicians cite low pay, unfavorable working circumstances, and a d earth of prospects for professional growth as reasons for their choice to immigrate.
Furthermore, the situation is made worse by political unpredictability and security worries, which drive many people to look for safer and more stable surroundings. Conclu sion : Pakistan's healthcare sector is seriously threatened by the continuous exodus of medical personnel. To solve this problem, extensive reforms are needed, such as bettering pay packages, improving working conditions, providing them the opportunities fo r their specialization trainings, grand maintaining political stability to keep talent in the nation. Therefore, in order to reduce brain, drain out of the nation, governments in developing nations like Pakistan should concentrate on
policies that guarante e job opportunities are available, offer suitable research facilities, provide safe working conditions, and establish merit systems. In conclusion, it is critical to highlight that Pakistan has substantial obstacles in developing and successfully implement ing migration related policies since there is a dearth of a substantial database with international migration statistics. Therefore, among other things, keeping such a database up to date is essential for the proper execution of policies.

DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS PATIENTS TREATED IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS

Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION: BV is currently considered the most prevalent vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, affecting approximately 10 to 30% of women in this group worldwide. However, it is assumed that this prevalence is linked to the population studied, ranging from 4% in developed countries to 61% in underdeveloped countries. Following the global trend, in Pakistan, BV is also a very common condition, affecting approximately 45% of women with complaints of vaginal discharge vaginal. Although, one parameter of difficult determination and possible to underestimate due the high frequency of carriers asymptomatic, who do not seek medical care because they have no complaints, and are therefore not included in the studies. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study using score of Nugent for the presence of BV among the patients in Lahore, Pakistan. To establish the validity and reliability of the presence of clue-cells as indicator from the syndrome, correlating results obtained in the preventive examination (Pap smear). METHODS: The present study is of descriptive, observational and transversal nature and was carried out with random samples, obtained from a sample population composed of patients of sex feminine, treated at various hospital in Lahore, Pakistan during April 2023 and April 2024. The patients answered a questionnaire to characterize their epidemiological profile, containing information such as: marital status, education, occupation and sexual activity. Patients who sought the aforementioned medical services were included in the study. RESULTS: Results of the exams of Pap smear of the patients were obtained. They were collected samples of 89 patients to the period mentioned, being 55.1% (49/89) coming from the Gynecology Department of public hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan and 44.9% (40/89) from the Gynecology Department of Private Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The average age of patients served is 39.9 years. Among the patients of the Gynecology Department of Public Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan the average age was 43.5 years old, and among those in the Gynecology Department of Private Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, 35.6 years old. DISCUSSION: Data suggest that the highest prevalence of BV is associated with women of reproductive age, which may reflect the fact that the microorganisms that cause BV use glycogen as a substrate, whose cellular accumulation is related to hormonal stimulation. CONCLUSION: It is a quick and easy-to-perform method, both for determining the Nugent score, which detected a 46.1% occurrence of BV in the population studied; and for evaluating the presence of clue cells, requiring only a professional trained pathologist to view the slides. In addition to assisting in complementary diagnosis, associated with clinical Gynecology Department of Public Hospital, which directs towards a correct diagnosis and treatment, reducing the indiscriminate and abusive use of antimicrobials

FREQUENCY AND CLINICAL SPECTRA OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN HOSPITAL, LAHORE PAKISTAN

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic condition in which the body is unable to generate an adequate amount of the hormone insulin Objectives: This study investigates the frequency and clinical spectrum of diabetic nephropathy in children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus at Children Hospital Lahore, involving a sample of 109 patients. Methodology: The Cross-sectional study was conducted Pediatric Endocrinology department, The Children’s Hospital & University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore. Results: The majority of participants were aged 9-12 years (41.2%) and primarily resided in urban areas (64.2%). The overall prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in this cohort was 7.34%, with eight identified cases. Among age groups, the 9-12 years segment had the highest representation, albeit with only three nephropathy cases (6.67%). Gender analysis indicated no significant disparity in prevalence, with both male (7.27%) and female (7.41%) patients affected similarly. Clinically, children with nephropathy exhibited significantly poorer glycemic control, with all nephropathy cases having HbA1c levels ≥7.5% compared to 92.67% of non-nephropathy cases (mean HbA1c: 8.2% vs. 7.4%, p=0.001). Moreover, hypertension was more prevalent in the nephropathy group (70% vs. 50% without nephropathy), accompanied by significantly higher mean blood pressure readings. Albuminuria analysis revealed that 7% of nephropathy cases had macroalbuminuria, and only 8.7% showed microalbuminuria, which did not significantly differentiate from those without nephropathy. Conclusion: These findings underscore the association between impaired glycemic control, elevated blood pressure, and the development of diabetic nephropathy in pediatric patients, highlighting an urgent need for effective management strategies in this vulnerable population.

THE THYROID STATUS AMONG PATIENTS OF NIMRA HOSPITALS IN JAMSHORO, SINDH, PAKISTAN

Shakeel Ahmed Memon, Bakhtawar Soomro, Dhani Bux Mashori, Tooba — Tue, 03 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The tiny gland described as the thyroid which is located around the trachea on the side line of throat that depicts a butterfly appearance with smaller center and two wide wings which wrap over the side of your throat. When the body has too much thyroid hormone, it develops an overactive thyroid, sometimes referred to as hyperthyroidism, which is a rather common hormonal disorder. Methods: To collect demographic information a standard questionnaire was designed to gather data concerning on different variables which includes; name, gender, age, smoking and drinking practices, income, water source, drinking duration, and personal or family history of thyroid issues. Results: According to research studies at Nimra Hospital, in Jamshoro, roughly 45% of people had thyroid
deficiencies and 60% had excess thyroid hormones, which can speed up the body's metabolism and cause a variety of symptoms. The thyroid hormones control numerous crucial bodily processes. Thyroid-related issues disrupt a variety of physiological processes of human body notably heart rate, mood, energy level, metabolism, bone health, and reproductive health. Because endocrine illnesses primarily present as hormonal imbalances, they could be difficult to spot at an autopsy, organomegaly or nodules are examples of anatomical observations that may point to an aberration that requires more investigation through microscopic analysis or
laboratory testing. Conclusion: Thyroid problems can impact many different organ systems and appear in a variety of ways. An extensive overview of thyroid disorders, thyroid hormones, possible thyroid--related fatalities, and unintentional autopsy results are given in this article.