Health Sciences Journal

EFFECT OF SUBZERO STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF MUTTON FROM SHEEP AND GOATS IN D.I KHAN DISTRICT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Sat, 31 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mutton is widely recognized for its excellent nutritional value, containing essential components such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of subzero storage on the freshness and quality of mutton. To evaluate the attributes of frozen and stored mutton, we employed fresh control samples that underwent standard freezing procedures at -18°C. Determining the quality and freshness of the product required the evaluation of numerous parameters over a five-month storage period. Drip loss (comprising boiling and thawing loss), water-holding capacity (WHC), texture profile analysis (TPA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total volatile basic nitrogen encompassed these parameters. Temperature influenced leak loss and water holding capacity (WHC), with severe freezing resulting in a reduction in moisture loss during frozen storage in comparison to standard freezing conditions. Extremely low-temperature freezing and subsequent storage of lamb resulted in a notable enhancement in tenderness when compared to standard freezing conditions. More precisely, sheep that underwent freezing at temperatures below -60℃ exhibited a tenderness akin to that of recently slaughtered mutton. Following a five-month period, frozen samples of mutton exhibited no indications of lipid oxidation, irrespective of temperature. The storage temperature of the samples, nevertheless, had an impact on the TVBN (total volatile basic nitrogen) concentration. In conclusion, our research indicates that mutton can maintain its freshness for a period of five months through the utilization subzero temperatures. A temperature of -60℃ is determined to be the most favorable condition for freezing and storing frozen mutton, taking into account both economic and qualitative considerations.

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TREATEMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCER

Syed Zulqarnain Mehdi, Muhammad Asim Shah , Mishqat Ullah — Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly rising disease worldwide. It has many complications affecting the overall health status of diabetic individuals as well as their life quality. Peripheral vascular and neuropathy are among the devastating complications of diabetes. They result in diabetic foot ulcer development. This should be prevented initially by preventative strategies which include annual screening of diabetic-foot and patient’s education of self-care. When ulcers happen, different approaches could be taken
to manage patients. Aim: the aim of this review article is to spots light on different management methods to treat diabetic foot ulcers.
Material & Methods: PRISMA method is used to collect the articles from different data bases such as web of science, Scopus.
Total 608 articles found relevant after applying inclusion exclusion criteria and duplication criteria total 27 articles were included in the
analysis. Findings: From the literature review eight factors are found which are discussed in detail in the paper. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term condition that can lead to serious complications. In their lifetime, around one-third of diabetic people may develop foot ulcers

CLINICAL FEATURES AND MANAGEMENT OF TETANUS

Fri, 15 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Compared to developed nations, tetanus has remained common in poor and emerging nations over the past few decades. In underdeveloped nations like Pakistan, a low rate of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) immunization has resulted in a significant morbidity and mortality rate due to Tetanus among women and children. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to highlight the
Clinical features and Management of tetanus. Material & Methods: Systematic literature review has been conducted for this study. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus data basses were used to extract titles, abstracts, articles, thesis and books published on this topic. Findings: Nonetheless, it continues to be a significant global cause of death and is linked to a high case mortality rate, especially in developing nations. Even if the frequency is low in developed nations, individuals over 60 years old, who are the group most at risk of developing the illness, nonetheless have a mortality rate above 50%. Acute respiratory failure should no longer be fatal thanks to current intensive care management, but additional causes of death and cardiovascular problems brought on by autonomic instability still pose a challenge

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF KLEBSIELLA SPECIES IN URINE SAMPLES OF UTI PATIENTS VISITING DHQ HOSPITAL D.I. KHAN

Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background A gram-negative rod-shaped pathogenic bacterium-Klebsiella, repeatedly causing Urinary Tract Infection. Objectives: Isolation, Characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella species in urine samples of UTI patients. Methodology: For this
purpose, a total of 105 samples were randomly collected from the patients with urinary tract complications visiting District Head Quarter Hospital D.I. Khan, Pakistan. Results: Urine samples with pus cells were inoculated on Cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient
(CLED) agar and it was revealed that only 12 out of 105 samples were Klebsiella positive on the basis of cultural characteristics.
Further confirmation was done using biochemical characterization through Analytical Profile Index (API 10) and out of 12 all the isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Disc diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial susceptibility on Muller Hinton Agar.
Klebsiella isolates showed 100% resistance to Cefepime, Cotrimoxazole and Ceftriaxone, 91% to Ampicillin, Doxycycline
and Cefazoline and 83% to Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin. Only two antibiotics Fosfomycin
and Nitrofurantoin were two antibioticsKlebsiella isolates showing sensitivity. Conclusion: It is assumed that excessive use of
antibiotics without proper diagnosis is among one of the main reasons responsible for antibiotic resistance.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN FOODBORNE PATHOGENS: GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, MECHANISTIC CHALLENGES, AND CUTTING-EDGE DETECTION

Tue, 03 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Foodborne pathogens’ AMR is considered one of the most significant risks to food safety and human health worldwide.
This situation has been worsened by the misuse of antibiotics in livestock farming, making it hard to handle food borne illnesses and
higher rates of sickness and death. Objectives: The main objective of this work is to present a review of the epidemiological data on AMR in foodborne pathogens on a global level, to discuss the genetic and biochemical basis of resistance, and to analyze new approaches to diagnostics and prevention. Methods: The current literature was systematically reviewed to evaluate the incidence and factors related to AMR in these important pathogens; Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. The study also discusses additional and more sophisticated diagnostic techniques such as CRISPR-based systems, and non-conventional forms of treatment like bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides. Results: The data indicates that AMR continues to emerge in foodborne pathogens owing to factors such as intensive farming practices and global food trade, and environmental exposure. Some of the advanced diagnostic systems include metagenomics and point-of-care that can quickly and accurately identify the genes that cause resistance. It is, therefore, evident that nontraditional therapies hold promise in containing AMR but they have to be developed to a greater extent. Conclusions: AMR in foodborne pathogens requires a multifaceted approach involving accurate diagnostics, novel therapeutics, and cross-country cooperation. For this reason, there is need to embrace One Health approach to reduce the effect of AMR on health, food and the environment.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN UTI PATIENTS OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN AND TO PROBE THEIR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Fri, 06 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Globally urinary tract infections are present predominantly and mostly UTIs are present or noticed in the developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. There are multiple factors in spread of UTIs like microbes, taking certain medicines, sexual activities, poor hygiene, not taking enough water etc. Objectives: The prevalence of UTIs and development of resistance against the antibiotics is due to unjustified use of antibiotics. Methodology: We performed a study in a remount area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i,e Dera Ismail Khan. We conducted a research study consist of a three months duration. Hundred (100) urine samples were collected from the patients who visited District Head Quarter (DHQ) teaching hospital Dera Ismail Khan. Patients having different age groups were included in study, Results: After processing samples, the number of samples having E.coli i,e positive samples were 73 in number, which were confirmed on the basis of different tests. The prevalence of UTIs due to E. coli organism was noticed increased in female patients (69 %) as compared to male patients and its prevalence was 31%.When the isolated E. coli strain were tested against different antibiotics, showed that those strains which were isolated from urine samples of the male patients of age group 61 to 80 years showed higher sensitivity against PTZ, NF, FOS, AK, IMP, and SCF, while in female high rate of sensitivity against PTZ, NF, FOS, AK, IMP, and SCF antibiotics was observed against E. coli strains which were isolated from the patients having age from 21 to 40 years Likewise E.coli isolates were sensitive against Imipenem, Peracillin + Tazobactam, Cefoperazone + sulbactam, Fosfomycin, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, Peracillin and Tambactam irrespective of age of the patients from which bacteria were isolated. Conclusion: Furthermore, present study also revealed, that the E. coli has developed resistance against commonly used antibiotics which is a serious concern to worry about and serious steps should be taken by the authorities to stop frequent use of antibiotics without proper prescription to avoid this issue.

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND GLOBAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH SECTOR REFORMS IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad Arif — Mon, 09 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This paper analyzed historical, political, economic, social and global influences on the health sector reforms in Pakistan.
Material & Methods
The article is based on a critical analysis of secondary data from the public domain as well as from international development agencies. It also draws from scholarly articles about the experiences of health sector reforms carried out in other countries.
Results
Historically, ever since the independence of Pakistan, the actual power remained in the hands of elite class, therefore, no meaningful
reforms were introduced in the basic socio-political structure of the Pakistani society. Financially, due to high debt burden and the huge military expenditure, the state is shifting its traditional responsibility of providing health services to its masses to the private sector leading to further marginalization of poor and the disadvantaged. Furthermore, social issues such as rapid population growth,
unplanned urbanization and emergence of mega cities are putting further pressure on already constrained resources and infrastructure and therefore are a reason and future challenge for health sector reforms in Pakistan.
Conclusions
Two important conclusions can be drawn. One, any reform introduced for the improvement of health status of Pakistani population to
succeed, needs to consider the complex socio-political structure of the society. Second, all the historical, political, economic, social, and
global factors discussed in this paper reinforces the need for major health sector reforms in Pakistan and it also demonstrates the
constraints that the system must overcome in order to initiate any meaningful change

ISOLATION, BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF LACTOBACILLI IN QUAIL DROPPINGS

Mon, 09 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Probiotics are microorganisms which are when given in a specific amount, have favorable effects on the host health. Objectives: The current study was conducted on quail’s droppings, which were collected from the various sailing points within district Dera Ismail Khan. The core aim of this field study was to isolate the Lactobacillus species from the droppings to identify and characterize them. Methods: Three species (lactobacillus brevis, lactobacillus salivarius and lactobacillus fermentum) were isolated on the basis of biochemical tests. Results: Lactobacillus salivarius was found more tolerant at pH 2 as compared to the other two species of lactobacillus, likewise at pH 3 lactobacillus brevis showed maximum growth, which was significantly higher than other species of lactobacillus. Similarly, all the three species of lactobacillus showed higher growth on 0.5 % ox gall as compared to the 1 % ox gall. Likewise antibiotic sensitivity testing of lactobacillus species shown sensitivity to erythromycin except L. fermentum and all three were resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. Conclusion: It is concluded that lactobacillus species have huge benefits like their tolerance to low pH and their growth on bile salts. Their use in diets will not only balance the gut microflora but also will inhibit the growth of pathogens in humans, animals and poultry species, as described by different studies which are conducted on above mentioned species.

IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF IDENTIFIED MOST FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN EXON 10, CODON 618 OF THE HUMAN RET GENE

Wed, 18 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The Rearranged during Transfection (RET) gene mutations are known to be responsible for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), as well as the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A, 2B and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). Aim: In this study we analyse mutations of codon 618 (Cys618Phe, Cys618Arg, Cys618Ser, Cys618Tyr) in exon 10, in terms of their structural similarities, stability, conservation and interaction with their close interactor GFRA3 protein. Material and Methods: In the present study, multiple bioinformatics software was used, including HGMD and UniProt for the data collection. The structural prediction of different mutations at codon 618 was performed by using PSIPRED for secondary structure prediction and I-TASSER for 3D structure modelling. The mutated proteins stability was determined, using I- Mutant and MuPro, while the evolutionary amino acids conservation was assessed with the ConSurf tool. The wildtype RET and mutant proteins were independently docked with their nearby interactor protein GFRA3.Findings: The analysis indicates that among the examined mutations, the Cys618Phe displayed the greatest structural and functional similarity to the wildtype RET protein. The interaction analysis suggested that the Cys618Phe demonstrated stronger binding with GFRA3 compared to other mutations. Conclusion: This study highlights the impact of codon 618 mutations in exon 10 of the RET gene on protein stability, structure, and interactions with GFRA3. We find mutation Cys618Phe comparatively similar to RET wildtype protein while dissimilar mutation Cys618Tyr. These findings could help a molecular geneticist in analyzing mutations at codon 618 for both research and diagnostic purpose.